Wednesday, April 13, 2016

NTD’s in the news for the week of 20 Mar - 26 Mar 2016

Devex
... added that USAID works with regional partners like the Pan American Health Organization and the Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas to provide technical support to middle-income countries that have financial resources but lack ..

Scientific American
What's more, they could have broader applications, such as treating neglected tropical diseases, mostly because pharmaceutical companies are focusing on widespread maladies that have a larger market. 

The Herald
A sufficient supply of biologically and chemically safe water is necessary for drinking and personal hygiene to prevent diarrhoeal diseases, trachoma, intestinal worm infections, stunted growth among children and numerous other deleterious outcomes ...

News-Medical.net
The launch of this four-part series is preceded on public television by the Global Health Frontiers documentariesTrachoma: Defeating a Blinding Curse; Dark Forest, Black Fly (river blindness); and the award-winning Foul Water, Fiery Serpent (Guinea worm).

HSToday
Despite the over $3.4 billion in funding reported by the 2015 G-Finder to support research and development (R&D) of new products for neglected diseases, R&D pipelines are still limited for products treating diseases primarily targeting low- and ...

PR Newswire (press release)
In addition, Kalorama thinks molecular POC products for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis (TB), hepatitis, malaria and other tropical or neglected infectious diseases are expected to find significant markets in the developing world ...

Forbes
As discussed in Does pharma only develop drugs for those who can pay? when sales are good and the investors aren't complaining as much, drug companies do siphon their extra earnings into high risk, low reward areas like tropical and neglected diseases.

News-Medical.net
Schistosomiasis is among the world's deadliest neglected tropical diseases, killing an estimated 280,000 people annually, around 90% of them in Africa. The chronic symptoms of infection deprive millions more of the chance to live healthy and productive ...

Kaiser Family Foundation
Within the GHP account, three programs increased compared to FY16: malaria, maternal and child health (MCH), and family planning and reproductive health (FP/RH); four areas decreased: tuberculosis (TB), neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), nutrition...

Washington Post
You won't be able to see any of the 20 million or so creatures in the National Parasite Collection for a while, because displays take a few years to create

Devex: Time to draw a new map for NTDs? “During his nearly 30 year career in medicine, Dr. Peter Hotez has earned a reputation as a relentless researcher and advocate in the fight against neglected tropical diseases. … 

Devex: How the European Commission can boost its global health R&D investments Sabine Campe, associate director at SEEK Development, and Nick Chapman, director of research at Policy Cures “…

The Nation
Health officials warn that foreign maids and workers could bring leprosy, elephantiasis, etc. THE SOARING labour migration in the region following the implementation of the Asean Economic Community may increase the risks of people contracting many ...

Business Standard
The National Vector-Borne Disease Control Programme covers malaria, dengue, chikunguniya and Japanese encephalitis, and also works for the elimination of Kala-azar and Lymphatic Filariasis. 

Jefferson Public Radio
From 1944 to 1946, the 800-acre treatment and recuperation center treated thousands of Marines and Navy personnel with mosquito-borne tropical diseases, including malaria, filariasis and elephantiasis. 

Buruli Ulcer / Mycobacterium ulcerans
...ce shortly after the donation assured that the items will be mostly used on patients suffering from Buruli ulcer as well as pregnant women who have been ..

Côte d'Ivoire- Santé/ Des acteurs de la santé formés à l'application du E-Santé ulcère de Buruli (Ivory Coast Health / Des health actors trained in the application of E-Health BU)
Agence Ivoirienne de Presse
Abidjan, 23 mars (AIP)- Une dizaine d'acteurs de la santé bénéficient, de mardi à jeudi, au centre de chirurgie et de réparation plastique à Abidjan-Cocody, d'une formation sur l'application du système d'information sur l'ulcère de Buruli, dénommé ..

Chagas disease / American trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma cruzi, T. cruzi) 
Tech Times
Triatomine bugs or "kissing bugs" are inch-long bugs or insects that might be infected with a protozoan parasite namely Trypanosoma Cruzi. When these infected bugs bite humans, they transmit the infection and humans get infected with the Chagas disease.

LA Daily News
An estimated 300,000 people across the United States may have Chagas disease, Meymandi said, and the only place in the nation where it's treated is the clinic she oversees at Olive View-UCLA Medical Center in Sylmar. Started in 2007, the Chagas clinic ...

AAP News
Chagas disease is an awakening giant and, with the increased travel within the Americas, it will not be restricted just to Border States, such as here in Texas. It can spread throughout the nation.\

Devex
According to Hotez's own analysis, 77 percent of registered leprosy cases, 71 percent of foodborne trematodiases cases and 61 percent of Chagas' disease cases are in G-20 countries plus Nigeria.

...the exam for Chagas disease, which turned out positive with an incubation period of 60 days for the Trypanosoma cruzi ..

Headlines & Global News
Chagas disease, or American trypanosomiasis, is believed to affect eight million people living mainly in the Americas each year. When a person is bitten, swelling generally occurs in one of his or her eyelids. 

Cysticercosis / Taeniasis (Taenia solium, T. solium)
Dokter Temukan Cacing Pita 4 Meter dalam Perut Pecinta Sashimi (Doctors Discover Ribbon Worm 4 Meters in the stomach Sashimi Lovers)
Seruu.com
8 dalam situs that'smags.com mengatakan, makanan yang terkontaminasi telur cacing pita bisa menyebabkan cysticercosis, kondisi ketika cacing dewasa masuk ke aliran darah seseorang. Tipe infeksi ini tak bisa dianggap remeh. Bisa mengancam jiwa ...

Dengue
Hawaii 24/7 (press release)
The response to the ongoing Dengue Fever outbreak continues. As of 1 p.m. Friday (March 25) the State Department of Health had reported no new confirmed cases of dengue fever since yesterday. Everyone should be reminded that this outbreak remains ..

Manila Bulletin
The Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG), in cooperation with the Department of Health (DOH) and Department of Education (DepEd), is spearheading the implementation of school-based immunization of tetravalent dengue vaccines for all ..

The Yucatan Times
At a recent lecture held at the Merida English Library, U.S. expert Marissa Grossman delved into the topic of “Everything you need to know about Zika, dengue and chikungunya, the mosquito-borne viruses of the Yucatan.” 

The Sun Daily
Director-General of Health, Datuk Dr Noor Hisham Abdullah said 2,247 dengue fever cases were reported during the week compared to 2,556 cases in the previous week. 

Big Island Now
Anyone who thinks they may have contracted dengue fever on the Big Island should call 933-0912 if they are located in East Hawai'i or 322-4877 in West Hawai'i. 

Daily Times
KARACHI: Singh Special Health Secretary Dr Shireen Narejo along with Marketing Director Fahad Ashraf and Asim Saleem, the representative from Plan International Pakistan, announced the launch of 'Dengue Se Paak Pakistan' campaign to further the ..

Big Island Now
In total, 237 Big Island residents and 26 island visitors have been infected with the dengue virus. 

Hawaii 24/7 (press release)
The response to the ongoing Dengue Fever outbreak continues. As of 1 p.m. Thursday (March 24) the State Department of Health had reported no new confirmed cases of dengue fever since yesterday. Everyone should be reminded that this outbreak remains ...

New Straits Times Online
KUALA LUMPUR: Despite the intensifying heat, the prolonged dry spell has brought about a positive effect — a dip in number of dengue cases. Deputy director-general of Health Datuk Dr Lokman Hakim Sulaiman, who confirmed the decline in cases to the ..

Business Wire (press release)
This Competitive Intelligence Report provides a competitor evaluation in the field of approved and investigational vaccines and therapeutics against one or more stereotypes of Dengue Virus for prophylaxis or treatment of Dengue fever as of February 2016.

West Hawaii Today
KAILUA-KONA — A new case of dengue fever was confirmed on Hawaii Island, health officials said Wednesday. The new case, which the state Department of Health said remains potentially infectious to mosquitoes, brings the total confirmed case count to …

Channel News Asia
“With the threat of Zika virus present, it is even more critical to reduce the mosquito population by removing the source of mosquito breeding,” they said. “If we can bring down the mosquito population, we will not only mitigate the dengue situation ..

Yahoo7 News
Queensland Health has confirmed a Dengueand a Zika case in North Queensland in Cairns. The two separate cases are involving residents from the Parramatta Park area. Authorities who were waiting on test results have confirmed the Zika case, which was ...

Yahoo7 News
Australians holidaying in Asia are being urged to cover up and protect themselves against mosquitoes, with 19 reported cases of dengue fever in the NT so far this year. All cases involved travellers who had been in Southeast Asia, the majority coming ...

The Hindu
Two of the eight patients who admitted to a primary health centre at Kodekal village, Surpur taluk, four days ago are suspected to be suffering from dengue. 

Inquirer.net
WASHINGTON—Forget mosquito bites. Volunteers let researchers in the United States inject them with the dengue virus in the name of science—and an experimental vaccine protected them. Next up, scientists plan to use this same strategy against dengue's ...

Geo News, Pakistan
KARACHI: Dr Shireen Narejo, Special Secretary Health, announced launch of “Dengue Se Paak Pakistan” campaign to further the cause of a dengue-free Pakistan. This was announced at a press briefing held in Karachi where the importance of undertaking ...

Sun.Star
OFFICIALS of the Department of Health (DOH) assured that Cebu and other parts of Central Visayas are next in the list of priority areas where new dengue vaccine will be distributed. 

Focus Taiwan News Channel
Taipei, March 23 (CNA) Tainan Mayor Lai Ching-te (賴清德) announced Wednesday that this year's dengue fever season has begun in his city, and he ordered that measures be carried out to prevent mosquitoes that carry the virus from breeding and ...

Outbreak News Today
The dengue fever outbreak in Hawaii that began last fall has slowed significantly as no additional cases were reported today, leaving the total vase count unchanged at 262. Image/National Atlas of the United States. On Monday, health officials recorded ...

The News International
Adviser to Chief Minister Punjab on Health Khawaja Salman Rafiq presided over a meeting of the Cabinet Committee on Dengue at the Civil Secretariat on Tuesday. 

Big Island Now
No new cases ofdengue fever were reported by the Hawai'i Department of Health on Tuesday, keeping the total number of cases confirmed since the September onset of the Big Island's outbreak to 262. 

Hawaii 24/7 (press release)
The response to the ongoing Dengue Fever outbreak continues. As of 1 p.m. Tuesday (March 22) the State Department of Health had reported no new confirmed cases of dengue fever since Friday (March 18). However, we would like to remind everyone that ...

The Straits Times
In the small city of Townsville in northern Australia, thousands of residents have begun breeding mosquitoes in their homes as part of an unusual disease-fighting experiment. 

The Express Tribune
LAHORE: The presence of dengue larvae has been reported across Lahore, Rawalpindi and Sheikhupura, those present at a meeting of the Cabinet Committee onDengue were informed on Tuesday. 

Focus Taiwan News Channel
Taipei, March 22 (CNA) Taiwan had reported 63 imported dengue fever cases this year as of March 20, a record high for the first 11 weeks of a year, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) said Tuesday. 

Lexington Herald Leader
An experimental dengue vaccine worked almost perfectly in a small trial in which volunteers were deliberately given a mild form of the disease, scientists said last week. The results in 41 volunteers were so encouraging that they justified starting a ...

Big Island NowAnyone who thinks they may have contracted dengue fever on the Big Island should call 933-0912 if they are located in East Hawai'i or 322-4877 in West Hawai'i. If an individual is currently ill and concerned that they may have contracted dengue fever ..

Hawaii 24/7 (press release)
The response to the ongoing Dengue Fever outbreak continues. As of 1 p.m. Friday (March 18) the State Department of Health had reported one new confirmed case of dengue fever. This new confirmed case helps to remind everyone that as previously stated ...

Hawaii 24/7 (press release)
The response to the ongoing Dengue Fever outbreak continues. As of 1 p.m. Monday (March 21) the State Department of Health had reported no new confirmed cases of dengue fever since Friday (March 18). However, we would like to remind everyone that ...

The Daily Collegian Online
Eva Harris, professor in the division of Infectious Diseases in the School of Public Health and director of the center for Global Public Health at the University of California, Berkeley, presented the annual Stone Memorial Lecture at 4 p.m. yesterday ...

Channel News Asia
SINGAPORE: The number of new cases of dengue reported is continuing on its downward trajectory for the 4th week in a row, with 374 cases reported from Mar 13 to Mar 19, according to the National Environment Agency's latest data.

New York Times
An experimental dengue vaccine worked almost perfectly in a small trial in which volunteers were deliberately given a mild form of the disease, scientists said last week. The results in 41 volunteers were so encouraging that they justified starting a ...

The Borneo Post
TUARAN: The Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI) wants to arm the people with its iDengue smartphone application (app) to battle dengue in Sabah. 

Hawaii Tribune Herald
Waipio Valley has reopened to the public, but the Big Island isn't out of the dengue fever woods just yet. Both the valley overlook and access road were once again open as of Saturday morning, just over two months after Hawaii County officials first ...

The Hindu
Experts in Public Health, entomology, sanitary engineering, government administration and voluntary organisations came together to discuss environmental sanitation and how it could be used to eradicate dengue in the city at a conference organised by ...

Outbreak News Today
This has changed little early in 2016 as Brazil has reported 224,000 dengue cases in the first approximately two months of this year. 

YIBADA English
South China Lab Sterilizes Mosquitoes to FightDengue, Zika. Alvin Ybanez | Mar 19, 2016 09:06 PM EDT. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are seen in a lab at the Fiocruz institute in Recife, Pernambuco state, Brazil, on Jan. 26, 2016.

Daily Times
The private colleges which have been declared hotspot for dengue larva include Raeesul Ahrar College Satellite Town, Sir Syed College Tipu Road Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi College of Commerce Satellite Town, Rawalpindi Law College, Muslim law College ..

Human African trypanosomiasis / Sleeping sickness
The Wire
There are numerous new drugs for acne and hair loss every year, but few for tuberculosis and sleeping sickness. Gates' contradictory stance. Leading thinkers around the world have thus called for a change to the medical patent regime, supporting ...

Scranton Times-Tribune
At the same time the Great Flu Epidemic of 1918 was sweeping the world, another mysterious epidemic was taking place. The epidemic was called sleeping sickness, or encephalitis lethargica. It lasted from 1917 to 1928. 

Leishmaniasis
Journal of Clinical Microbiology
Infection with Leishmania donovani is typically asymptomatic, but a significant number of individuals may progress to visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a deadly disease that threatens 200 million people in areas where it is endemic. 

Outbreak News Today
Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by Leishmania, a parasite which is transmitted to humans through sand fly bites. The disease occurs primarily in people who live in the tropics and subtropics. 

Monthly Prescribing Reference (registration)
Impavido is an alkyllysophospholipid analog drug and its specific mode of action against Leishmania species is not known. It is believed to exert its action through interaction with lipids (phospholipids and sterols), including membrane lipids ...

PR Newswire (press release)
The skin sores of cutaneous leishmaniasis ("CL") usually heal on their own, even without treatment. However, this can take months or even years, and the sores can leave ugly scars. 

Phys.Org
In eLife today (22 March), Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute scientists show how the parasite responsible for the neglected tropical disease Black Fever (visceral leishmaniasis) can become resistant to drug treatment.

Leprosy / Hansen's disease (Mycobacterium leprae, M. leprae)
HERE. NOW
Rourkela: Myriad welfare schemes launched by the government have no meaning for residents of the leprosy colony at Nayabazaar in Sector-21. Even basic amenities like drinking water, community toilet and sanitation elude them for years, alleged a ...

The Nation
The soaring labour migration in the Asean Economic Community (AEC) may raise the risks of many diseases including leprosy in Thailand. If migrant babysitters and elderly caretakers from neighbouring nations come to Thai soil with leprosy, there is a ...

Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting
Shelton, a patient at the Hendala Leprosy Hospital, eats lunch while the hospital band rehearses in the background for a concert to celebrate a Buddhist holiday. 

The Hindu
Dakshina Kannada district administration will observe World Leprosy Day at the Town Hall here on March 24 at 10 a.m. Ahead of the function a procession will be taken out from Ambedkar Circle to the hall.

Daily Pioneer
In a rare show of support behind the Mussoorie MLA Ganesh Joshi, leprosy patients, inmates of Shanti Kunj Leprosy Home, located at Bhagat Singh Adhoiwala, Dehradun, took to the streets and rallied at district headquarters on Tuesday against district ...

Lymphatic filariasis / Elephantiasis
Business Wire (press release)
This report provides comprehensive information on the therapeutic development for Multiple Myeloma (Kahler Disease), complete with comparative analysis at various stages, therapeutics assessment by drug target, mechanism of action (MoA), route of ...

Malaya
Lymphatic filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by microscopic, thread-like worms. The adult worms only live in the human lymph system that maintains the body's fluid balance and fights infections. It affects over 120 million people in 73 countries ...

Saipan Tribune
Located in the tropics, American Samoa has seen threats from numerous arboviruses such as lymphatic filariasis, more commonly known as elephantiasis, dengue, chikungunya and more recently Zika. 

Stuff.co.nz
Parasites have plagued human beings for thousands of years, going back to ancient Egypt and China, and they still cause such maladies as river blindness and elephantiasis. Last year, malaria killed 438,000 people around the world according to the World ...

Onchocerciasis / River blindness
Meski Beriklim Panas, Indonesia Dinilai Belum Concern pada Penyakit Tropis (Although Temperate Heat, Indonesia Judged Not Concern in Tropical Diseases)
Detikcom
Di antaranya ulkus buruculi, penyakit chagas, demam dengue, chikungunya, dracunculiasis, echinococcosis, endemic treponematoses (yaws), trematodiases, leishmaniasis, lepra, filariasis,onchocerciasis, rabies, schistosomiasis, helminthiasis, taeniasis, …

Rabies
GhanaWeb
Speaking to Citi News, a deputy Minister of Food and Agriculture in-charge of Livestock, Dr. Hannah Bissiw cautioned that Ghana still had much to do in the fight against rabies. 

Oswego Daily News
“We did see rabies activities earlier this year than in past years and attributed it to unusually warm winter that kept many wild animal active,” Jiancheng Huang, Oswego County Public Health Director, told Oswego County Today. 

Schistosomiasis (Schisto, Bilharzia, Snail Fever)
Tufts Now
More than 260 million people worldwide suffer from schistosomiasis, a sometimes-fatal infection caused by a freshwater parasite that slips through the skin and into the bloodstream. Also known as snail fever, it's a disease of poverty: 

StarAfrica.com
... Dlamini says they are also in the process of conducting an annual Multi-Drug Administration (MDA) in schools where they will control illnesses like Bilharzia.

Phys.Org
Schistosomes cause the disease schistosomiasis, the symptoms of which result from the worms' eggs becoming lodged in host tissues, such as the liver and bladder, evoking the immune system's response. 

Trachoma 
Daily Mail
A tropical eye disease called trachoma is known to be caused by a strain of chlamydia bacteria - but doctors always thought it was a different strain than the type that was sexually transmitted. 

3BL Media (press release)
The International Trachoma Initiative is a partnership co-founded by Pfizer in 1998 with the goal of eliminating trachoma, the world's leading cause of preventable blindness. As of this year, Pfizer, working as part of ITI, has distributed 500 million ...

New Vision
“The objective of the Trust is to decrease the Trachoma Trichiasis surgeries backlog by 75% in 17 districts (seven in Karamoja and 10 in Busoga),” Kakinda noted, adding that a total of 8908trachoma patients have so far been operated upon between ...


Other Neglected Conditions:
Venomous Snakebite
HPPR
Edward Lopez, general surgeon and head of trauma services at Colorado Plains, said it's a bit early to be treating snake bites. He blames it partly on the warm days, which seem to be coming earlier every year. 

Wicked Local
Pop: Fire up the Earl Grey, Mom - chocolate chip cookies. It sure felt strange this morning ... not seeing Snaid. He left on a flight last night for a visit with his sister Norma and her husband Frank in Arizona. Eb said he wanted to 'dry out', and get ...

DailyPost Nigeria
Victims of snake bites in Kanke local government area of Plateau State are in dire need of anti-venom drugs from the Federal and Plateau Governments, a medical expert has said. Dr Sylvester Gaknung, the Medial Director, Miko Memorial Clinic, Amper, ...

Jerusalem Post Israel News
Dr. Gur Zamir, a senior physician in the pediatric intensive care unit, said that the current warmer temperatures of spring cause snakes to wake up earlier than usual. Usually, the first snakebite cases reach the hospital around May, he said. He urged ...

The Queensland Times
Codee is one of 41 people admitted to the hospital from January 1 to March 16 this year because of a snake bite. “Without treatment, within half an hour-45 minutes, he would have been cactus,” Norman said. “Eventually, it shuts your whole body down.”.

NewsWatch
In the United States, 98% of venomous snake bites, also known as envenomation, are from the North American pit viper snakesincluding rattlesnakes and copperheads. Each year, around 9,000 patients are treated for envenomation in emergency ...

Zee News
The company has also firmed up plan to launch outdoor sports gear like hand-free umbrella, eyewear, camping lights, trekking poles, waterproof bags, UV Block T-Shirt, wet wick t-shirt, super Shell Shoes (Snake Bite resistant)., etc. 

The Borneo Post
KUCHING: A 56-year-old woman from Kampung Bajo, Lundu, was admitted to Sarawak General Hospital (SGH) here after being bitten by a snake around 4pm yesterday. The victim said while she was preparing dinner for her family in the kitchen, she did not ...


BLOGS:
Health Affairs (blog)
The initial 2007 list of diseases covered by the PRV program included 16 so-called neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) as identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) for which new drugs would be a welcome addition to the current medical arsenal.

HealthCanal.com (press release) (blog)
Studying the whole genomes (every single letter of the organism's DNA code) of more than 200 samples of Leishmania donovani parasites revealed that the addition of just two bases of DNA to a gene known as LdAQP1 stops the parasite from absorbing ...

HealthCanal.com (press release) (blog)
They used the latest sequencing technologies to map the complete nuclear genome of 204 Leishmania donovani-strains and reconstruct the genealogical history of the parasite in the region. 

BMC Blogs Network (blog)
The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases (JVATiTD) presents a collection focused on discussions held during a snakebite conference in Africa. Dr. Jean-Philippe Chippaux explains why this is an important topic here.

Health Affairs (blog) 
... world health access programs, including the MECTIZAN Donation Program for lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis elimination.

END7 student supporters have had a busy spring! Between creative fundraising events, high-impact advocacy activities (including meetings with 39 members of Congress on the second annual END7 Student Advocacy Day!), and the launch of chapters at universities from Scotland to Ghana, our student community has been making a difference in communities around the world.

HealthCanal.com (press release) (blog)
Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical infection that mostly causes flu-like symptoms but can occasionally develop into a potentially life threatening condition called severe dengue. 


JOURNAL ARTICLES:
by Tau-Hong Lee, Joshua G. X. Wong, Yee-Sin Leo, Tun-Linn Thein, Ee-Ling Ng, Linda K. Lee, David C. Lye

by Bruno Senghor, Omar Talla Diaw, Souleymane Doucoure, Mouhamadane Seye, Adiouma Diallo, Idrissa Talla, Cheikh T. Bâ, Cheikh Sokhna

by Felix Reichert, Daniel Pilger, Angela Schuster, Hannah Lesshafft, Silas Guedes de Oliveira, Ralf Ignatius, Hermann Feldmeier 

by Cigdem Alkan, Ozge Erisoz Kasap, Bulent Alten, Xavier de Lamballerie, Rémi N. Charrel

by Ana Clara Zoni, Laura Catalá, Steven K. Ault 

S. Wangchuk et al.

R. Rosenberg

by Gilberto Sánchez-González, Alejandro Figueroa-Lara, Miguel Elizondo-Cano, Leslie Wilson, Barbara Novelo-Garza, Leopoldo Valiente-Banuet, Janine M. Ramsey 

F. Vairo et al.

B. Fall et al.

E. Gudo et al.

A. Traoré et al.

In 1982, in response to growing evidence of resistance to the antibacterial drug, dapsone, WHO recommended that all patients with leprosy be treated with a short-course combination of three antibacterial drugs, rifampicin, dapsone, and clofazimine.


OTHER
Weekly / March 25, 2016 / Vol. 65 / No. 11

25 Mar 2016

Online informal sources for disease outbreak monitoring and real-time surveillance of emerging public health threats.
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“Research is creating new knowledge.”
- Neil Armstrong

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